The indication of morphological degradation of streams and rivers using Simuliidae     

Christian K. Feld  Ellen Kiel  Melanie Lautenschlger 《Limnologica》2002,32(3)

Blackfly communities from five German stream types out of two ecoregions (small and mid-sized siliceous gravel-bed mountain streams of the Central mountains, ecoregion 9, and organic type brooks, small and mid-sized sand-bottomed Central lowland streams of ecoregion 14) are compared. Ecoregional, as well as stream type-specific biocoenotic differences are discussed. The presence of Prosimulium sp. was restricted to mountain streams, whereas Simulium lineatum seemed to prefer mid-sized sand-bottomed Central lowland streams, and S. vernum showed a clear preference for Central lowland streams. An Index of Morphological Stress (IMS), derived from 22 geo-hydromorphological parameters recorded during sampling in the field, is presented. According to the IMS values, sites are divided into morphologically ‘unstressed’ sites (high or good morphological quality) and ‘stressed’ sites (moderate, poor or bad morphological quality), and biocoenotic differences of the two categories are discussed. Two stream types and the entire data set showed significantly higher numbers of taxa at ‘unstressed’ sites. Linear Multiple Regression (LMR) was used to identify geo-hydromorphological parameters that significantly explain the variance of the three most constant taxa, Prosimulium sp., P. hirtipes and Simulium sp. in the LMR model.  相似文献   

The nature, extent and causes of land degradation in South Africa: legacy of the past, lessons for the future?     

M. E. Meadows  & M. T. Hoffman 《Area》2002,34(4):428-437

The aim of this paper is to reassess the land degradation and desertification problem in South Africa. The country has a wide range of interrelated environmental and development challenges existing in a socio–political context recently subject to substantial change. The paper outlines the fundamental environmental constraints and opportunities that underlie degradation phenomena and illustrates the nature, extent and geographical distribution of the major forms of soil and vegetation degradation in the country. The principal causes of degradation are identified and some important land use and land tenure questions that need to be addressed in the near future are posited.  相似文献   

Recent decay of a single palsa in relation to weather conditions between 1996 and 2000 in Laivadalen, northern Sweden   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Frieda Sjoukje Zuidhoff 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2002,84(2):103-111

This study presents the decay of a small palsa complex between 1996 and 2000 in Sweden's southernmost major palsa bog. The outline of the palsa was mapped during three summers in 1996, 1999 and 2000 and an automatic weather station measured air temperature, precipitation, snow depth, wind speed and wind direction between 1997 and 2000. The decay of the palsa was enormous in the dome–shaped part of the palsa complex: the height decreased during the observation period from 2.3 m to 0.5 m. In 2000, the palsa dome had almost totally disappeared: only some peat blocks in a palsa pond were left. The decay of the palsa was complex with a number of degradational processes, of which the main processes were block erosion, thermokarst and wind erosion. Thermal melting has occurred along the edges of the palsa and possibly below the frozen core of the palsa since 1998/99. Wind erosion was observed during summer and the maximum estimated deflation was 80 cm. The decay of the palsa dome was especially large between 1999 and 2000, probably due to a high mean annual temperature, high summer precipitation and the warming influence of the large pond surrounding the palsa. The present climate in the palsa bog with a mean annual temperature of −0.8°C is not favourable for palsa development and maintenance, despite a strong wind regime which can provide suitable conditions for snowdrift.  相似文献   

Characteristics of earth hummocks (pounus) with and without permafrost in Finnish Lapland   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Miska Luoto  & Matti Seppälä 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2002,84(2):127-136

Finnish Lapland north of 68°30'N latitude is located in the zone of discontinuous permafrost. Two main types of permafrost have previously been found in northern Finland: palsas in the mires and frost in the bedrock on the barren fell summits. The aim of this study was (1) to investigate permafrost occurrence in the peaty earth hummocks (pounus) in several mires, and (2) model characteristics of pounus with and without permafrost.
This study showed that permafrost in Finnish Lapland occurs much more widely and commonly than was previously known. A total of 59% of the studied pounus were found to contain permafrost. Over 90% of the permafrost occurrence in the pounus was correctly classified in logistic regression modelling. The probability of permafrost in a pounu decreased with the height of vegetation, and increased with the pounu height and distance from the running stream. There were clear vegetation differences between pounus with and without permafrost. Unfrozen pounus are characterized by forest and mire species, whereas on the permanently frozen pounus the vegetation is patchier with species indicating drier conditions. Pounus provide an excellent object to study short–term and local variations in permafrost formation due to their small size. They react quickly to variation in temperature, snow depth and precipitation. We conclude that pounus can be classified as sporadic permafrost features in northernmost Europe under modern climatic conditions.  相似文献   

Environmental changes in the central Po Plain (northern Italy) due to fluvial modifications and anthropogenic activities     

Mauro Marchetti   《Geomorphology》2002,44(3-4)

The fluvial environment of the central Po Plain, the largest plain in Italy, is discussed in this paper. Bounded by the mountain chains of the Alps and the Apennines, this plain is a link between the Mediterranean environment and the cultural and continental influences of both western and eastern Europe. In the past decades, economic development has been responsible for many changes in the fluvial environment of the area.This paper discusses the changes in fluvial dynamics that started from Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene due to distinct climatic changes. The discussion is based on geomorphological, pedological, and archaeological evidences and radiocarbon dating.In the northern foothills, Late Pleistocene palaeochannels indicate several cases of underfit streams among the northern tributaries of the River Po. On the other hand, on the southern side of the Po Plain, no geomorphological evidence of similar discharge reduction has been found. Here, stratigraphic sections, together with archaeological remains buried under the fluvial deposits, show a reduction in the size of fluvial sediments after the 10th millennium BC. During the Holocene, fluvial sedimentation became finer, and was characterised by minor fluctuations in the rate of deposition, probably related to short and less intense climatic fluctuations.Given the high rate of population growth and the development of human activities since the Neolithic Age, human influence on fluvial dynamics, especially since the Roman Age, prevailed over other factors (i.e., climate, tectonics, vegetation, etc.). During the Holocene, the most important changes in the Po Plain were not modifications in water discharge but in sediment. From the 1st to 3rd Century AD, land grants to war veterans caused almost complete deforestation, generalised soil erosion, and maximum progradation of the River Po delta. At present, land abandonment in the mountainous region has led to reafforestation. Artificial channel control in the mountain sector of the basins and in-channel gravel extraction (now illegal but very intense in the 1960s and 1970s) are causing erosion along the rivers and along large sectors of the Adriatic coast. These changes are comparable with those occurring in basins of other Mediterranean rivers.  相似文献   

大渡河上游林区森林资源退化及其恢复与重建   总被引：13，自引：2，他引：13  

包维楷  张镱锂  王乾  摆万奇  郑度 《山地学报》2002,20(2):194-198

虽然森林采伐后的恢复重建一直是青藏高原东部地区森林经营管理的主要实践活动之一，但有关该区大规模森林恢复重建实践及其存在的问题还不清楚。本文选择大渡河上游林区，分析了该区目前森林资源现状、森林退化及其恢复重建及特点，阐明了该区目前资源管理与恢复重建存在的主要问题，并提出了相应的技术对策。结果表明，该区林地资源丰富，但森林资源量小，覆盖率不足23％，长期采伐导致森林生态系统结构和功能严重恶化；现有恢复重建技术体系不健全，人工成林成功率在高山同峡谷区不足30％，高丘区不足15％；造林树种单一，造林密度过大，抚育管理不力，人工林质量低下；强化对迹地退化过程的深入研究和监测，充分认识迹地环境的制约作用，强化抚育管理，改进和完善现有的森林重建技术体系，增加造林树种，特别是乡土阔叶树种的多样性应该是该区生态恢复重建的关键对策。  相似文献   

Effet de la turbidité sur la dégradation des pigments phytoplanctoniques dans l'estuaire de la GirondeEffect of turbidity on phytoplanktonic pigments degradation in the Gironde Estuary     

Emmanuelle Lemaire  Gwenaël Abril  Rutger De Wit  Henri Etcheber 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2002,334(4):251-258

In the Gironde Estuary, most part of phytoplanktonic material carried by the rivers is mineralised in the maximum turbidity zone (MTZ). In order to follow the degradation of the phytoplanktonic material into the MTZ, we developed an in vitro approach based on the monitoring of phytoplanktonic pigments. Algal material from two chlorophytes (Scenedesmus suspicatus Chaudat and Chlamydomonas sp.) was incubated in the dark during 28 days into water samples from the Gironde estuary MTZ, at variable suspended solid concentrations (SPM) as well as in a sterilised turbid sample. First order decay constants of chlorophylls a and b and lutein increased by a factor 3 to 5 between SPM of 0 and $\text{3 }\text{g}\text{l}{}^{\mathrm{?1}}$. The production of pheophytin a in the presence of particles and the lack of degradation in the sterilised turbid sample confirmed the effect of attached bacteria on the particles. To cite this article: E. Lemaire et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 251–258.  相似文献   

碎块石护坡在寒区道路工程中的应用   总被引：11，自引：7，他引：11  

冯文杰  马巍  张鲁新  周成林  吴志坚 《冰川冻土》2003,25(6):632-637

基于室内实验结果，并结合风火山地区地温资料以及风火山实验场现场观测资料，针对抛石护坡对公路铁路沿线路基底下的多年冻土的保护作用以及对多年冻土上限的抬升效果进行对比分析，证实了抛石护坡措施的优越性和可行性．抛石护坡措施兼顾了调控对流和调控传导两方面，是一种典型的主动积极调控地温、保护冻土的措施；它具有热二极管功能，使得热能单向排出，从而使得冻土上限得以较大幅度的抬升，对保证道路安全与畅通起着至关重要的作用。  相似文献   

黑龙江省多年冻土分布特征   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

石剑  王育光  杜春英  王萍 《黑龙江气象》2003,(3):32-34

黑龙江省有近15×104km2多年冻土,可分为大兴安岭北部大片多年冻土亚区、大兴安岭中部大片岛状多年冻土亚区、大小兴安岭稀疏岛状多年冻土亚区等,冻土层厚度在5～100m。岩性、地形、纬度、高度对冻土分布产生影响。气候变暖和人为活动将使冻土退化。  相似文献   

辽西地区土地退化对局地温度影响的数值模拟   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2  

刘宁微  周军  周小珊  杨森 《南京气象学院学报》2003,26(5):605-612

辽西地区近几十年来土地退化状况严重。许多地区已成为生态脆弱区。利用中尺度模式(MM5V3．5)。选择2001年6月份气象观测资料。根据辽西地区土地退化的有关调查材料。对模式中的下垫面状况(1anduse)进行改变。模拟在下垫面状况改变后。辽西地区和辽宁省的温度变化和感热通量、潜热通量变化。模拟结果表明：在对不同的下垫面状况进行改变后。土地退化地区的6月份的月平均气温将升高0．1～0．7℃。月平均地表温度将升高0．3～1．3℃；地面感热通量增大。潜热通量减小。对试验区内其他地区影响不大。  相似文献